Preventing The Crisis Of Underage Drinking - 1612 Words

â€Å"With such compelling information, the question is why haven t we been able to do more to prevent the crisis of underage drinking? The answer is: the alcohol industry† is what Lucille Roybal-Allard once said, a U.S. Representative for serving in Congress since 1993. This statement has brought many to speculate of issues and debates. This expression opened the eyes of American people that often struggled to make this truth into a reality. After this speech, one woman said â€Å"It might be easy to believe to take down the alcohol industry but that’s like taking down the government and that will certainly not occur. Families, who choose to teach their teenagers about underage drinking, seem to have a higher chance of getting through with the†¦show more content†¦Most teachers and faculty working in America’s school systems may recognize the truths about underage drinking. Underage drinking may have consequence in death and disability, poor academic performance, high-risk behaviors, and more. It poorly damages the teenage developing brain and increases the possibility of long-lasting alcohol problems. Warning signs can show educators an alcohol issue, mostly if the behavior happens unpredictably or seems life-threatening. Anxiety should be even superior if several of these warning signs happen at the same time. Underage drinking will result in behavioral, emotional, mental and physical changes. Behavioral changes being in having a disorderly look, lacking contribution in interests once adored, experiencing school problems, poor attendance, low grades, bad discipline, rebelling against family rules, switching friends you grew up with. Emotional changes can be shown being in rage strikes, outbreaks, wicked anger, and having a â€Å"don’t care† attitude. Mental changes can be shown through having memory delays and having poor concentration. Physical changes, connecting with low energy, bloodshot eyes, lack of direction and slurred speech. â€Å"Underage drinking is a national concern that s leading to more vehicle injuries and deaths than people realize. In fact, nearly 11 million underage people consume alcohol in the United States alone.

Should Congress Place Restrictions on Lobbying Essay

Background Many controversial topics have surfaced recently, but one that tends to fly under the radar is lobbying. Lobbying is defined as a group of persons who work or conduct a campaign to influence members of a legislature to vote according to a group’s special interests (â€Å"Lobby†). Although average citizens are not fully aware of the issue, it is quite contentious in politics. For those who are against it, they believe that restrictions should be placed on lobbying because it distorts democracy. Lobbyists use money and cost-effective strategies to sway the opinions of lawmakers. Others see lobbyists as effective, political tour guides who help pass legislation. An analysis of the lobbying process reveals the outcomes are often†¦show more content†¦Lobbyists must record all expenditures. This practice is typical of people-intensive businesses and organizations such as politics, public relations, and economics. Lobbyists are trying to persuade other individuals to spend money, invest time, and be of the same mind in regard to legislation and finances. There is concern over how they persuade others though, because they use huge sums of money that pressure groups to contribute to what the lobbyist is advocating for. Is There Controversy on the Horizon? Both sides of the topic have gripping reasons why they feel the way they do. The supporters believe that lobbying is acceptable and contributes to a healthy democracy. In this light, lobbyists are simply seeking power within governmental and public affairs. In the United States our political system is based on power, authority, and legitimacy. One of our nation’s values is the fact that people can and should try to influence our political system; individuals have the power to bring attention to important issues, matters of public concern, and current problems. Supports argue that lobbying cannot contribute to the demise of American democracy. All these factors contribute to what is our political system and lobbyists are arguably doing their best to advocate for the people, even if huge sums of money are involved. Fair Lobbying The National Association for the Advancement ofShow MoreRelatedGun Control Policy Brief Essays1884 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is the Issue? Gun Control What is the Question? Should gun control be instituted in the United States? The concept of gun control has become a hot button item as we live in a country where mass murders, school shootings, and many other gun related crimes are becoming more and more frequent. People are faced with the impending questions on what should be done to limit these types of crimes and how can one defend themselves and their loved ones from becoming victims to these senselessRead MoreInfluence Of Gm Companies1142 Words   |  5 Pagespatent restrictions to allow independent researchers to test and evaluate GM crops. 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Assignment Bias, Rhetorical Devices, and Argumentation Free Essays

Assignment: Bias, Rhetorical Devices, and Argumentation The speech of Kane campaigning for Governor is full of bias. The bias starts from the opening seconds of the movie clip and continued through the speech. The man in the beginning of the movie clip demonstrated a bias in favor of Kane becoming Governor. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment: Bias, Rhetorical Devices, and Argumentation or any similar topic only for you Order Now These biases are created by labeling Charles Kane as a â€Å"friend of the working man† who is an ally of the under paid and under fed. This same Kane campaigner offers up a negative bias towards the opponent Jim Gettys by labeling his time in office as an â€Å"evil domination†. These same negative biases are continued by Kane himself, calling Jim Gettys â€Å"downright dishonest†. All of these negative claims are being made without any supporting facts. The first fallacy I noticed is that Kane is claiming to be a friend of the working man and lower class. The second is the claim that Kane has already won the campaign for Governor, and the campaign has not even started yet, which is a fallacy of false conclusion. The continued attacks on Jim Gettys are an ad hominen fallacy, because the attacks are towards Gettys not the argument at hand. The next fallacy I noticed is a circular fallacy or begging the question. Kane mentions that he wants to protect the under privileged, under fed, and under paid but quickly asserts that he is too busy to make any promises. Kane’s speech for Governor also contains a couple rhetorical devices. The first one I noticed is Kane putting extra emphasis on certain words and phrases, I believe this is done to imply something. The first time this is done is when Kane said â€Å"I made not campaign promises. † There was an extra pause or elaboration on the word â€Å"promises† implying the promises of his opponent were not kept. The next rhetorical device is when Kane said that he had more than hope, implying Jim Gettys has no hope or is hopeless. This type of rhetorical device is an antithesis. The next rhetorical device is of the same type. It is when Kane says he would make promises now if he was not too busy arranging to keep them. This is the contrasting of two separate ideas into one, single, phrase. There some good and some weak arguments and counter arguments made in this movie clip by the campaign man in the beginning and by Kane himself. The argument that Jim Gettys is evil and dishonest is countered by the statements that Kane is the ally of the common man. This is a good argument because of the passionate method used to deliver the arguments, which makes up for the lack of supporting facts. A weak argument is that every poll shows that Kane will be elected. This is weak because this would be very difficult to prove before an actual election event. There is nothing to back up this claim. Another argument made was at the end of the clip, Kane promises to set up a special committee to indict Jim Gettys for his wrong doing. This argument was made following the statement that Kane cannot make any campaign promises, this invalidates his own argument. How to cite Assignment: Bias, Rhetorical Devices, and Argumentation, Papers

Photochemical Synthesis of Benzopinacol free essay sample

In this reaction, molecules of benzophenone was brought to n((* triplet state where it possibly abstracted hydrogen from isopropyl alcohol and through subsequent reactions of radicals it formed two diphenyl ketyl radical which dimerized into benzopinacol. Subsequently, mixture of synthesized benzopinacol, glacial acetic acid and iodine crystal reacted in an acid-catalyzed rearrangement wherein dehydration of benzopinacol resulted into the formation of carbocation. In this state, an aromatic shifted and then, forming delocalized carbocation. Afterward, regenerating the catalyst stabilized the molecule into benzopinacolone. After qualitative and quantitative analysis of the products, it was found out that benzopinacol was successfully synthesized as attested by the IR spectrum which contained OH broad stretch at 3417. 86 cm-1-3460. 30 cm-1 and overtones at 1800 cm-1-1950 cm-1 region. However, inconsistency was observed in the determined melting point of 200(C-210(C which deviated from theoretical 47. 9(C perhaps due to improper use of the apparatus. Conversely, synthesis of benzopinacolone was not a success as there was no drastic change observed in its IR spectrum to that of benzopinacol and deviation on determined melting point from 175(C-177(C to 190(C-197(C which maybe due to incompletion of reaction. Low yields were also obtained after the experiment as only 18. 16 %( 0. 73g) benzopinacol and 21. 88% (0. 104g) benzopinacolone was collected. I. Introduction Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions, isomerizations and physical behavior which occurs under the influence of visible or ultraviolet light. There are two fundamental laws in regard with this principle. First, the Grotthuss-Draper law which states that light must be absorb by the compound so as to initiate photochemical reaction. Second, the Stark-Einstein’s law which states that for each photon of light absorbed by the compound, only one molecule is activated for proceeding reactions. Here, the absorption of visible or ultraviolet light excites the molecules wherein change in molecular orbital occupancy, an increase in energy, change in local distribution and change in charge distribution occurs. This excitation results in the population of higher vibrational levels where several phenomena may then take place such as the vibrational energy lost may be use to relax the molecule bringing it to zero vibrational level. Another, the excited state may return to ground state by emitting photon. The energy of this emitted light is lower to the initially absorbed light. This radiative decay is called fluorescence if it takes place rapidly from initial to excited state. And, phosphorescence if it occurs slowly by another excited state. And lastly, the molecule may cleave into radicals. For better illustration, In the Jablonski diagram, shown above, it features possible routes for excited molecule to return into its ground state. In the diagram, electronic states of molecules and transition states are shown. The states are arranged vertically by energy and are grouped horizontally by their spin multiplicity. This visually presents the mechanism in molecule excitation and relaxation. Mostly for aryl ketones like benzophenone, after excitation, it may possibly undergo hydrogen abstraction, bond cleavage or cycloaddtion. Another principle to be employed in this synthesis is the pinacol rearrangement. In this phenomenon, the molecule is dehydrolyzed in the presence of an acid and thus, formation of carbocation occurs. Then, a shift is observed by one of the atoms to the carbocation. And finally, to stabilize the molecule, catalyst is then regenerated to yield the final product. In this experiment, benzopinacol is to be synthesized through photochemical reaction from benzophenone and benzopinacolone via acid-catalyzed rearrangement of benzopinacol. II. Methodology In this experiment, benzopinacol was to be synthesized through photochemical reaction and its acid-catalyzed rearrangement product benzopinacolone. Synthesis of Benzopinacol In this synthesis, 2. 0g of benzophenone was dissolved in 50ml isopropyl alcohol in 50ml Erlenmeyer flask. In this solution, one drop of glacial acetic acid was added. It was then filled with isopropyl alcohol up to the brim. After, the flask was stoppered using a well-rolled cork. It was ensured that very little air as possible was trapped inside the flask. It was tightly bind using a parafilm. The flask was inverted and exposed to sunlight outside the laboratory. After all additional product ceased to form, the reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath to allow precipitation of benzopinacol. The final product was then filtered off from the solution using a Buchener funnel. Its melting point, yield and infrared spetrum was then obtained. The Acid-Catalyzed Rearrangement of Benzopinacol In this synthesis, in a test tube, 2. 5ml of glacial acetic acid and a small crystal of iodine were placed. In this test tube, 0. 5g of benzopinacol recently synthesized was added. The solution was then heat to dissolve benzopinacol and further heated for 5 minutes. After a stiff paste product formed, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The crystalline mass that formed was subsequently reduced to pieces. Using a little ethanol, the paste was thinned. The mixture was then centrifuged and the supernant was decanted leaving the solids in the test tube. Another two centrifugations were performed, note that, small amount of ethanol was added after each decantation. The product formed was then transferred to a filter paper by resuspending the solids in a little cold ethanol. Then, it was filtered through suction. It was subsequently crystallize by dissolving the filtered solids in a 5ml of 2:1 mixture of toluene and hexane in a pre-weighed vial. The vial was covered with aluminum foil with holes and was left in the fume hood to dry the product. Its melting, yield and infared spectrum was obtained the next meeting. III. Results and Discussion In this experiment, it is aimed to synthesized benzopinacol from benzophenone via photochemical reaction and benzopinacolone through acid-catalyzed rearrangement. In the synthesis of benzopinacol, benzophenone underwent photochemical reaction. Here, the starting material was exposed to sunlight which supplied enough energy to excite its molecules. Benzophenone upon absorbing light, undergone a rapid intersystem crossing of n((* singlet state to an energetically close (((* triplet state. Then, the latter rapidly decayed into n((* triplet state. This pathway is shown on the following diagram: Figure 1: Benzophenone Excited State In the diagram, excited benzophenone was relaxed through conversion to a triplet state and subsequently relaxed via phosphorescence. After photoexcitation of benzophenone, hydrogen abstraction reaction subsequently proceeded. Figure 2: Hydrogen Abstraction of Isopropyl Alcohol The n((* triplet state of carbonyl compounds is diradicaloid in nature hence, possibly participate in hydrogen abstraction. In Figure 2, in this mechanism, hydrogen of isopropyl alcohol was abstracted by benzophenone in a n((* triplet state to yield diphenyl ketyl and dimethyl ketyl radical. Figure 3: Radical Transfer Here, radical transfer from the dimethyl ketyl radical to benzophenone occurred in which yielded acetone and another diphenyl ketyl radical. Figure 4: Dimerization of Diphenyl Ketyl Radicals In this last mechanism, the two previously produced diphenyl ketyl radicals dimerized to form benzopinacol. Prior to the reaction mechanism, as done in the procedures, one drop of glacial acetic acid was added in the reaction mixture. It was done to remove the alkali which maybe present in the mixture that would consequently cause decomposition of the product to benzophenone and benzohydrol. After the synthesis, qualitative analysis was done to the synthesized product to verify its success. Figure 5: IR Spectrum of Synthesized Benzopinacol Examining the structure of benzopinacol, it was to be expected to have a broad –OH stretch and overtones region. In the infrared spectrum of the synthesized product as shown in Figure 5, there was a broad stretch at 3417. 86 cm-1-3460. 30 cm-1, encircled in blue, which is markedly due to hydroxyl present in the compound. And, an overtones at 1800 cm-1-1950 cm-1 as shown in the Figure5, encircled with red, is mainly due to the presence of aromatic rings. Another qualitative test done was the melting point determination of the final product. Theoretically, the melting point of benzophenone is 47. 9(C. However, the synthesized product melted at 200(C-210(C. This inconsistency maybe due to improper use of melting point apparatus since there was observed consistency with the infrared spectrum obtained. Quantitatively, the theoretical yield of the product must be 4. 02g however in the synthesis 0. 73g or only 18. 16% was synthesized. Loss of material was maybe due to long storage of the product inside the locker wherein some products spilled out the container. From the synthesized benzophenone, 0. 5g was used to synthesize benzopinacolone via acid catalyzed rearrangement. Figure 6: Benzopinacol Rearrangement In this disproportionation reaction, glacial acetic acid protonated one of the hydroxyl group, hence giving a positive charge on oxygen. Consequently, the compound was then dehydrated where water was removed and thus forming a carbocation. Then, it underwent pinacolone rearrangement wherein an aromatic migrated to the carbocation previously formed and hence, forming a more stable carbocation intermediate where charge was delocalized in a heteroatom as H+ is attached with oxygen. And since, H+ was the catalyst, it was regenerated thus stabilizing the molecule forming benzopinacolone.