Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Software Piracy :: essays research papers

Programming Piracy      Software theft is the disappointment of an authorized client to hold fast to the states of a product permit or the unapproved use or multiplication of copyrighted programming by an individual or substance that has not been authorized to utilize the programming. Programming theft has become a family unit word and a family wrongdoing and has had an incredible effect on the product business. It is a difficult that can as it were be illuminated by the decisions of every person.      The PC programming industry is one of the extraordinary business achievement accounts of ongoing history, with sound increments in both equipment and programming deals the world over. Be that as it may, programming theft compromises the business' monetary future. As per gauges by the U.S. Programming Publisher's Relationship, as much as $7.5 billion of American programming might be illicitly duplicated and disseminated every year around the world. These duplicates function just as the firsts and sell for essentially less cash. Theft is moderately simple, and just the biggest rings of wholesalers are generally gotten. Also, programming privateers realize that they are probably not going to serve hard prison time when penitentiaries are packed with individuals sentenced for progressively genuine violations. The product business loses more than $15.2 billion every year worldwide because of programming theft. Programming robbery costs the business: $482 consistently $28,900 consistently $1.7 million consistently $41.6 million consistently $291.5 million consistently      To comprehend programming theft, one must get inside the psyche of the privateer. Individuals, who wouldn't consider sneaking product out of a store or looting a house, consistently get duplicates of PC programs which they haven't paid for. The privateer has a lot of reasons for his activities: costs are excessively high; the organization doesn't offer better than average help; he's just going to utilize the program every so often. In spite of the fact that, what truly makes programming robbery appear to be less awful than different sorts of burglary is that nothing is truly taken. There is no prompt impact on the stock or profitable limit of the maker of a bit of programming on the off chance that somebody 500 miles away duplicates a circle and starts utilizing it.      People will in general consider property a material thing, and in this manner have a tough time seeing a PC program as property. In any case, property isn't a idea relating to issue alone. Proprietorship is an idea which comes out of the way that individuals live by making things of significant worth for their own utilization or for exchange with others. Creation doesn't mean creation make a difference, yet rather changing the type of issue alongwith a thought and a reason. Frequently, the genuine expense of making merchandise is resolved in the creation of individual things.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Computer Forensics Investigation Plan for UniCareer Pty. Ltd

Question: Talk about theComputer Forensics Investigation Plan for UniCareer Pty. Ltd. Answer: Presentation Organization foundation UniCareer Pty. Ltd is a Company situated in United States of America. It is a main instructive supplier with capacity to give different examination capabilities in training industry. A portion of the capabilities offered by the organization incorporate; OCPJ, CFA, OCAJ, FRM and CCNP. Inside its 5 years of foundation, the organization is praising a colossal edge of achievement in instruction industry. The organization has a populace of 25,000 understudies and 10 grounds inside 5 unique zones in different states. It utilizes in excess of 50 staff individuals which are associated with different assistance conveyance from inside the association. UniCareer Pty. Ltd has a very much surfaced data innovation foundation which gives a lift to its administration conveyance considering the sum understudies served and method of administration conveyance utilized. Despite the fact that association depends vigorously on innovative help conveyance, it is despicable UniCareer Pty. Ltd has not refresh ed its innovative framework for a long while. It utilizes the two PCs and macintosh OS in their every day activity of business. Security highlights identified with arrange including authoritative firewalls division have not been refreshed for certain years and is inadequately actualized all through the hierarchical system covering a few states. Security parameters, for example, interruption location and counteraction have been set up in the hierarchical system yet doesn't offer required types of assistance to the association which relates to misuse of assets. Because of developing industry showcase, UniCareer Pty. Ltd is confronting extreme rivalry from organizations, for example, ABC Pty Ltd and should address security dangers emerging from its rivals. Goal of the report As of late, there has risen a few cases which presents security dangers to authoritative industry achievement. UniCareer Pty. Ltd understudies and staff individuals have grumbled of accepting an email which persuades them to join ABC Pty Ltd, a contending firm in proficient instruction administration conveyance. This is intense digital security danger since all messages got by understudies should originate from the organization. Accepting an email mentioning them to join contending firm shows there is an entrance to authoritative understudies and staff database. It is conceivable to raise a few hypotheses on the where about of such messages. Since UniCareer Pty. Ltd permits both staff and understudies to utilize their workstations and cell phones inside hierarchical system, it may be potential information caught by such gadgets was utilized to access authoritative system and database. The subsequent situation centers around one of authoritative workers viewing explicit material insid e hierarchical system premises while utilizing hierarchical MacOS PC. This shows poor system security where firewalls sifting has not been accomplished for security of some site get to while utilizing UniCareer Pty. Ltd arrange. The fundamental objective of this report is to concocted legal arrangement which would help UniCareer Pty. Ltd. To illuminate its digital security dangers. The report centers around nitty gritty and legitimate parts of computerized criminological examination plan. To start with, it gives a basic methodologies on kinds of criminology accessible and their legitimizations. Assets required and accessible to complete advanced scientific examination which includes abilities controlled by colleagues, instruments inside hierarchical master reach to help mechanical necessities and security approaches as it will be tended to in security arrangement intend to manage association in tending to security slips. Third piece of the report would address procurement plan in le gal examination which factors; alternate course of action, securing plan systems and confirmation and approval methods. Scientific examination would be tended to in the procedure segment which would include investigation of the messages got by both understudy and staff individuals and system examination strategies on security highlights accessible as tended to in firewall arrangement in regards to site access from inside and utilization of authoritative system. The last piece of report would address both strategy detailing, discoveries and proposal as required in data framework safety efforts to shorten UniCareer Pty. Ltd digital security dangers. Extent of the report The report has been set up in setting of assessing UniCareer Pty. Ltd current situation, system and firewall framework arrangement, methods in UniCareer Pty. Ltd business tasks and other security methods. In this manner, UniCareer Pty. Ltd authoritative extension would cover the two cases in the organization to ensure all security viewpoints are tended to. The report would concentrate on data framework digital security dangers as tended to from two hierarchical situations. Support of Current Methodology and Computer Forensic Methodologies Advanced Forensic Methodologies To think of answer for digital security dangers, UniCareer Pty. Ltd would be required to concoct scientific assessment of its framework in an offer to decide its stockpiling of information and assess how aftereffect of the exploration would be utilized to make sure about hierarchical information. Results acquired from scientific examination would may be in different structure for reason for thinking of assorted scope of proof which could be utilized in criminal case procedures (Maghaireh, 2009). There are three particular advances which are engaged with the procedure of computerized search of proof. They incorporate; obtaining of information, approval of proof gathered and examination to guarantee it is genuine for use in criminal case procedures. It is critical to ensure measurable research is very adaptable so it encourages more methods of gathering required proof. Procedures engaged with legal research are; realities rebuilding strategy which is utilized by analysts to reestablish information into its unique state after data framework has been undermined by aggressors. To reestablish information, different reclamation strategies are required so as to make process increasingly valid and adequate. The procedure of information rebuilding occur if hierarchical data framework has been undermined by an occurrence of digital aggressor, for example, one confirm in UniCareer Pty. Ltd. Information recuperation strategies ensures framework is brought once more into activities once authoritative data framework has been undermined and its safe tasks can't be ensured (Nelson, Phillips Steuart, 2010). Next, hierarchical system criminology has been utilized and keep on being one of the significant parameters which associations use for criminological examinations. It fills in as probably the best device to utilize when authoritative system should be examined for legal proof. Data information, for example, system and server logs are utilized by scientific specialists to think of reports which would be utilized to moderate security dangers to association data frameworks (Kleiman, 2007). Also, in instances of occasions, for example, UniCareer Pty. Ltd, E mail scientific assessment would be required since one of the situations that prompted measurable research is unrecognized email gotten by both staff and understudies. A portion of the email investigation that ought to be done incorporate; messages header which can be utilized to clarify the goal of the email, email IP address with plan of gathering PC used to send it, date and time when such an email was sent (Carbone, 2014). Circumstances where arrange legal sciences is helpful are spam messages, phishing messages or diverse malignant messages. In conclusion, Digital scientific research can be utilized as a perfect system to complete criminological research for this situation. Altheide Carvey (2011) contends that, both email and examination of system is fundamental since it tends to be utilized to burro w the confirmation if any framework bargain occurred. Steps associated with advanced criminological examinations So as to think of significant and perceived methodology in computerized scientific systems, UniCareer Pty. Ltd may receive following advances; UniCareer Pty. Ltd may assess these two cases through utilization of criminological specialists with the goal that reasonable methodology might be taken to comprehend security slips. Next, it may require UniCareer Pty. Ltd to build up an interest tick check of rundown which would be utilized to encourage advanced legal research. Notwithstanding that, it very well may be utilized to concoct hierarchical rundown of assets which would be utilized in crime scene investigation. This assets incorporate work force, gear and cash. Thus, UniCareer Pty. Ltd should face challenge anticipation and disposal methods which would make it simple for association to take care of its digital security issues. In conclusion, UniCareer Pty. Ltd should ensure hierarchical information respectability is kept up with all approval systems being placed in to rehearse. Assets utilized in gathering Forensic proof Readiness plan in computerized scientific examination While getting ready advanced legal arrangement for UniCareer Pty. Ltd, subject gatherings ought to follow unmistakably planned advances which ensures non-disturbance of current business exercises and every scientific system are done as per the law. Disregarding any operational method in criminological research renders the entire procedure futile since proof gathered can't be utilized in criminal case continuing. Next, information confirmation and approval ought to be engaged with the procedure of criminological research to ensure that, proof gathered adjusts to standard arrangement of rules and methods. Finally, there is have to come up appropriate capacity instruments of putting away any legal proof so it tends to be evident and precise when required for use. Devices in advanced criminological research Meyer (2014) specifies that, in scientific research, included gatherings ought to have the option to pick generally reasonable and accessible apparatuses which renders included gatherings exactness and insight of the procedure. It has been demonstrated that, it is scientific research instruments which

Sunday, August 9, 2020

What Channels Are Most Effective for Recruiting of Top Talent for a Startup

What Channels Are Most Effective for Recruiting of Top Talent for a Startup Startups are at a disadvantage when it comes to recruitment when compared to their more established counterparts. While corporate companies can survive even with a few wrong hires onboard, startups can’t because each employee’s contribution is essential to keep their business afloat. In addition, young startups typically do not have the benefit of recognition or an established brand name, will struggle to attract hires because of the inherent risk involved with their business, may be inexperienced about what role to hire for or how to go about the recruitment process and don’t have adequate knowledge/awareness about the local job market. © Shutterstock.com | baranqIn spite of all the challenges involved, a startup can easily and successfully recruit a great team just by using the right tools. Through this article, you’ll learn about 1) worldwide recruitment trends for 2014, 2) 10 best channels for recruiting top talent for a startup.WORLDWIDE RECRUITMENT TRENDS OF 2014Employer branding“Employer branding” is a term referring to a company or organization’s entire efforts to promote itself (or present and manage an image of being) a desirable place to work or the employer of choice to a preferred target group of potential hires which it desires to recruit and retain. In 2014, employer branding figures as a key long-term recruitment tactic. A 2011 LinkedIn study of more than 2000 recruiters found that cost per hire and turnover rates for companies with solid employer brands are respectively more than two times lower and 28 times lower when compared to those companies with not so strong employer brand.Startups ca n consider branding themselves by highlighting benefits such as flexibility, broader business exposure, opportunities, transparency, teamwork, and camaraderie. Data is a driverData-driven insights and decision making are an important factor in employer brand building and drawing the services of top employees. Even though the majority of business functions moved over to the data-driven model, the practice is conspicuously not so common within recruiting. Leading organizations are currently utilizing or have already utilized Google Analytics for assistance with strengthening their strategy for talent acquisition.One example of a company with a data-driven recruitment approach is the Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group, one of the world’s most dynamic and biggest hotel management companies. In order to broaden their audience demographics and increase their number of website visitors, the company recently re-launched its career site. They joined hands with Weber Shandwick to come up with an e mployer value proposition that would echo well with their niche audience. Google Analytics were introduced on practically all the website’s pages. Data produced by the site was then studied to know more about the nature of public interaction with their website, where talent is located, and the determination of potential hires who matched the hotel group’s employer value proposition.Intensification of competition for the best talent2014 is a year of return to vigorous recruiting competition. The increasing competition for technical talent and top performers would reach such an extent that current tools and recruiting resources would be stretched to their maximum. Characteristic of the increased competition is a return to prominence of: aggressiveness, higher rejection rates, a requirement for counter offers and fresh focus on hiring the currently employed. Heightened competition results in a need to find out new recruiting strategies to get the benefit of competitive talent.Progr ess of online candidate assessment towards the mainstreamWith online skill assessment and technical knowledge options becoming less costly and more effective, online candidate assessment is progressing to the mainstream. The impact of this kind of assessment is high owing to the fact that it lessens unnecessary interviews and can considerably better the quality of hire. Social media has an increasing influence on quality of hireIn spite of the administrative and legal challenges involved, an increasing number of firms believe that a social media profile (typically LinkedIn profile) on its own is more than sufficient at least to initiate the hiring process. According to a Social Recruiting Activity report from Bullhorn, a global recruitment software company, close to all (97 percent) U.S recruiters utilized LinkedIn for social recruitment in 2014. If one wishes to get the best talent out there, ideally, social media should be one of the channels leveraged. Comprehension and increase d adoption of the mobile platformA recent study on job search traffic for survey data and smart phones for the recruitment website Indeed revealed that 50 percent of global job searches on the website are carried out through mobiles. Indeed, in 2014, the impact of the mobile platform in the area of hiring is growing and expanding. One can expect main-streaming of the technical capability which permits the direct instant application for vacancies from mobile phones.Tools for mobile recruitment can be chiefly categorized into four â€" Quick response (QR) codes, apps, text alerts, and mobile-optimized websites. Unfortunately, optimization of websites for the mobile platform and a tailored mobile experience is an area that is often neglected by many corporate career sites even though the job board sites themselves are mobile friendly. This year, a comprehension of how visitors utilize mobile and ensuring that the mobile website experience matches the quality of its computer counterpart should be taken as essential for recruitment marketing and not overlooked.Data driven recruiting becomes the normMore and more companies are recruiting their data driven. This means companies try to understand the impact of each employee on the sales or gross margin. By understanding what types of employees contribute the most, companies can hire more efficiently and thereby increase their profits. Common properties of potential employees include but are not restricted to level of education, level of proactivity engagement, creativity, and loalty.Boomerang rehires become a principal targetA boomerang rehire is a returning employee â€" one who worked at a company before, left and is hired again by the old company. The lack of talent will shoot boomerang rehires (one of those sources of the best hires) to importance after years of neglect. The best firms would reinvigorate alumni groups and leverage them to get their very best ex-employees with an established track record to return. Boomerang rehires are considered to be great talent for reasons such as them: being proven top performers with a demonstrated track record, association with a low new-recruit failure rate, possible ability to achieve the minimum expected productivity targets faster or easier than new hires, already matching the company’s culture, and being more likely to stay.Startup recruiting trends like: skills profile and rolesSome of the startup recruiting trends for this year are:More recruitment of MBAsAccording to a 2013 survey covering 84 business schools, 57 percent of the schools said that companies that were in existence for only a year or under had increased their full-time hiring of MBAs.Filling roles of growth engineers and big data developersSome of the most difficult roles to fill in include those that never existed two or three years ago:Growth engineers or growth hackers that can drive viral characteristics within a productBig data developers and analysts who can develop suitabl e algorithms and data infrastructure to efficiently leverage and study that dataLooking for hires who excel in fast growing environments and platformsThese environments and platforms include: Scala, iOS, full-stack Python, Android and Node.js developers experienced in developing applications that scale well.Quantitative analysisThe majority, if not all functions call for quantitative skills in 2014. It is challenging to bring in quantitative skills into functions that presently don’t focus there. This calls for both creativity and time. It would be a good idea to launch a new quantitative function with gems from other areas in your organization. You can also speak to your data scientist about introducing and interviewing candidates.10 BEST CHANNELS FOR RECRUITING TOP TALENT FOR A STARTUP1. Employee referralsEmployee referrals have been and will continue to be one of the top channels for acquiring top talent for a startup. Employees generally only refer people who they are certain would be a good fit, co-operative, hardworking, and an asset to the organization for the particular position. This may be because they are subjecting their own reputation to risk when they refer someone. The organization benefits from great talent and a reduction in expenses and time associated with recruitment.TipsOffer rewards and/or recognition (monetary rewards are best) to employees who refer successful hires for your openings. Consider giving out smaller rewards to people who gave you a referral even though the person was not taken into service.Publicize the rewards and recognition on offer so that your employees would be more enthusiastic about referrals. They can be publicized on your company’s career page, in newsletters, blogs, marketing campaigns, and even on your Facebook page, if applicable.Develop a form for employee referrals which new employees can fill in with a list of prospective hires they know and their contact details.2. Company websiteA company webpage(s) is a great and practically no-cost place to speak out about why prospective hires should consider working for your company (such as career growth, job atmosphere, salary, and perks).TipsIncorporate a button on the homepage that would take the website visitor to career opportunities/vacancies.Offer multiple options by which candidates can communicate their contact details or other information to you (phone, fax, online, in person, and so on).Current vacancies can be advertised on the website but at the same time never mention that no positions are presently available with your company. By doing so, you may be missing out on some very valuable talent who could contribute much to your company’s progress.3. Social media and professional networksProperly managed social recruitment techniques enable employers and recruiters to get the attention of and hire highly qualified candidates, with greater reach and less cost than conventional recruiting methods.TipsWith respect to attracting cand idates, some of the things you can consider talking about through your company page on various social media are: what’s unique about your company’s culture, what is the experience of working at your company (can include things like building tours and interviews with employees), community news, industry news, questions to your audience (such as any one thing they wish to know about your firm, a great interview tip), and of course, job openings.You can also know more about the personality of prospective hires by way of their social media profiles which will help you decide whether to accept (factors such as creativity and great communication skills) or reject (factors such as provocative content posts, lies about qualifications) candidates based on what their profiles reveal.Observe and recognize activities across your different social media networks. Candidate questions, responses, comments and other interactions will help to understand what areas your social recruitment efforts should focus on.LinkedIn dominates among online professional network options to find prospective hires but it would do well to incorporate social media plarforms like Facebook and Twitter too in your recruitment efforts.4. Internet job boardsOf all employees in the U.S., 74 percent are open to a new position if an opportunity were shown to them, or are actively in search of new work. According to The Undercover Recruiter, two-thirds of that percentage utilizes job boards to locate jobs that may be of interest to them. Another finding from the report is that job boards that don’t have an option for candidates to upload their job histories or qualifications were responsible for lowered utility for both candidates and employers.TipsWrite and position the ad in such a manner that it lures the right audience.Look for job boards websites.Optimize the use of added extras such as hosted forums. These forums are a platform for jobseekers to ask questions, thereby giving employers like you an opportunity to deliver feedback as well as develop relationships beyond online.Look for a job board(s) that supports features such as social integration and mobile access so that you have maximum reach.5. Internal recruitmentInternal recruitment involves evaluating one’s own current staff to see if any of them are suitable to fill a vacant job position. This kind of recruitment as opposed to external recruitment is associated with benefits such as the following:TipsManagement has a good understanding of the employee’s capabilities.Existing staff get new opportunities (or career growth) which in turn boosts staff dedication and retention.Less time and expense are spent on recruitment.Reduction of the knowledge gap â€"The employee taking over the new post can mentor and train the employee who is to fill his old post.Corporate knowledge remains in-house.6. Recruitment agencies / HeadhuntersA recruitment agency is a good option to consider when you are short of time to hire for t he vacancy, have not been able to fill the vacancy for quite some time, don’t have internal HR or have noticed high turnover rates for the vacancy and require expert assistance. Recruitment agencies are chiefly of two kinds contingency firms and retained firms. The former type is wholly performance based and you have to pay them only if they are successful in placing an employee with your company. The latter type is contract-based and has to be paid whatever the outcome.TipsTo make the right choice of recruitment firm for your requirement, it would help to ask your shortlisted options questions relating to, for example:How long the agency has been in businessHow the qualifications of prospective hires are checkedWhat the kind of clients they representWhat their degree of collaboration isWhat their placement success rate isWhat their billing process is7. College recruitment programsSome of the common forms of campus recruitment programs which you can consider include campus interv iews, phone interviews, on-site interviews, video interviews, campus career and job fairs, information meetings, career networking programs and off-campus recruiting programs. You can even list internships and jobs straight on the school’s job website, which only the school’s students and alumni can take advantage of. The majority of schools make use of a recruiting job posting service (such as NACElink) to manage their on-site and campus recruiting programs.In addition to helping enthusiastic and bright newcomers enter your business industry, college recruitment is a channel for attracting low-cost talent, and testing for longer-term capabilities.8. Company internal candidate / ATS databaseAn Applicant Tracking System (ATS) is a kind of software application with which employers can process job applications and direct the hiring process. With the information available in the database, you can test applicants, screen them, schedule interviews, mail rejection letters, check refere nces and finish paperwork pertaining to new hires. In addition, skill matching and review of applications is possible, automated messages can be sent to applicants to inform them of receipt of their application and HR personnel can utilize the same information to put successful candidates on the payroll after they are hired.ATSs can also help employers  determine from which source a candidate came to know about the vacancy: whether by way of a referral, job board or other source, identify passive yet talented potential hires, post jobs to many channels including social media,  and benefit from features such as customized input forms and automated resume ranking. HR and recruitment departments must optimize use of ATSs not just to search for fresh talent but also to leverage the talent already present in the system.9. Video interviewingAccording to a study conducted in August, 2013 by OfficeTeam, an administrative staffing firm, 63 percent of HR managers in the U.S carry out employme nt interviews using video, showing an increase by 14 percent from a year ago. In addition to it being a medium favored by the younger generations, video can catch subtle kinds of body language and emotional clues, and also aspects of the candidate’s personality, making it a great recruitment channel.A number of tools and solutions with which employers can conduct video interviewing, are available. With these tools, you can utilize live or recorded video to do things such as pre-screen prospective hires and/or carry out job interviews. With video interviewing, in the time usually taken for a one-person interview, it is possible to rate, appraise and select several or many of them. Some tools enable asynchronous interviewing. So, usually, candidates can answer a set of questions furnished by the employer with the interview being recorded at a time, and place convenient to them. Some examples of video interviewing platforms from the U.S and U.K are: Zoom, Sonru, InterviewStream, Mont age, HireView, Tazio, Jobvite, and LaunchPad Recruits.10. Trade journals/print newspapersRecruitment advertising by way of print newspapers and trade journals is still alive. A lot of heavy industry, service and mechanical positions are effectively advertised in local newspapers. The advantages of print advertisements include: the ability to reach a large audience with certain specialized skills and also to cover a large audience in a particular geographic area, newspapers are a considerably lower cost option, and candidates generally believe that any organization which takes the time and effort to advertise in a trade publication or newspaper takes its position on offer seriously.Before advertising in a local newspaper, check out the paper’s ad format and script your ad with an appearance and size that would attract attention. The ad should be lucid enough in its requirements so that obviously unqualified persons are discouraged from applying. For advertisements in trade publicat ions, consider those publications which you regularly read or scan because the probability is high that job seekers pertaining to your industry are checking them out too. You can also consider print publications that have online versions and check whether your print ad would feature in the online version too, if you’re interested.How To Recruit Amazing Talent for Your Start Up In conclusion, it may be said considering that such a wide variety of channels are available for recruitment of top talent, the HR must identify which channels are best for their organization’s requirements and learn to use the selected channels effectively and efficiently.Best Recruitment Sources for the Start-up Company[slideshare id=26509079doc=bestrecruitmentsourcesforstartup-130924141312-phpapp01w=640h=330]

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Preventing The Crisis Of Underage Drinking - 1612 Words

â€Å"With such compelling information, the question is why haven t we been able to do more to prevent the crisis of underage drinking? The answer is: the alcohol industry† is what Lucille Roybal-Allard once said, a U.S. Representative for serving in Congress since 1993. This statement has brought many to speculate of issues and debates. This expression opened the eyes of American people that often struggled to make this truth into a reality. After this speech, one woman said â€Å"It might be easy to believe to take down the alcohol industry but that’s like taking down the government and that will certainly not occur. Families, who choose to teach their teenagers about underage drinking, seem to have a higher chance of getting through with the†¦show more content†¦Most teachers and faculty working in America’s school systems may recognize the truths about underage drinking. Underage drinking may have consequence in death and disability, poor academic performance, high-risk behaviors, and more. It poorly damages the teenage developing brain and increases the possibility of long-lasting alcohol problems. Warning signs can show educators an alcohol issue, mostly if the behavior happens unpredictably or seems life-threatening. Anxiety should be even superior if several of these warning signs happen at the same time. Underage drinking will result in behavioral, emotional, mental and physical changes. Behavioral changes being in having a disorderly look, lacking contribution in interests once adored, experiencing school problems, poor attendance, low grades, bad discipline, rebelling against family rules, switching friends you grew up with. Emotional changes can be shown being in rage strikes, outbreaks, wicked anger, and having a â€Å"don’t care† attitude. Mental changes can be shown through having memory delays and having poor concentration. Physical changes, connecting with low energy, bloodshot eyes, lack of direction and slurred speech. â€Å"Underage drinking is a national concern that s leading to more vehicle injuries and deaths than people realize. In fact, nearly 11 million underage people consume alcohol in the United States alone.

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Should Congress Place Restrictions on Lobbying Essay

Background Many controversial topics have surfaced recently, but one that tends to fly under the radar is lobbying. Lobbying is defined as a group of persons who work or conduct a campaign to influence members of a legislature to vote according to a group’s special interests (â€Å"Lobby†). Although average citizens are not fully aware of the issue, it is quite contentious in politics. For those who are against it, they believe that restrictions should be placed on lobbying because it distorts democracy. Lobbyists use money and cost-effective strategies to sway the opinions of lawmakers. Others see lobbyists as effective, political tour guides who help pass legislation. An analysis of the lobbying process reveals the outcomes are often†¦show more content†¦Lobbyists must record all expenditures. This practice is typical of people-intensive businesses and organizations such as politics, public relations, and economics. Lobbyists are trying to persuade other individuals to spend money, invest time, and be of the same mind in regard to legislation and finances. There is concern over how they persuade others though, because they use huge sums of money that pressure groups to contribute to what the lobbyist is advocating for. Is There Controversy on the Horizon? Both sides of the topic have gripping reasons why they feel the way they do. The supporters believe that lobbying is acceptable and contributes to a healthy democracy. In this light, lobbyists are simply seeking power within governmental and public affairs. In the United States our political system is based on power, authority, and legitimacy. One of our nation’s values is the fact that people can and should try to influence our political system; individuals have the power to bring attention to important issues, matters of public concern, and current problems. Supports argue that lobbying cannot contribute to the demise of American democracy. All these factors contribute to what is our political system and lobbyists are arguably doing their best to advocate for the people, even if huge sums of money are involved. Fair Lobbying The National Association for the Advancement ofShow MoreRelatedGun Control Policy Brief Essays1884 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is the Issue? Gun Control What is the Question? Should gun control be instituted in the United States? The concept of gun control has become a hot button item as we live in a country where mass murders, school shootings, and many other gun related crimes are becoming more and more frequent. People are faced with the impending questions on what should be done to limit these types of crimes and how can one defend themselves and their loved ones from becoming victims to these senselessRead MoreInfluence Of Gm Companies1142 Words   |  5 Pagespatent restrictions to allow independent researchers to test and evaluate GM crops. 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Whether it be spreading awareness, or helping pass laws such as Kyleigh’s Law in New Jersey, the women of M.A.D.D. have made a name for themselves as persistent, successful mothers who are committed to making the roads a safe place for their children, now and in the future. The mothers against drunk driving and their foundation have saved over 300,000 lives to date with their growing foundation and implemented laws. In the beginning of their road to success, M.A.D.D.’s missionRead MoreEssay on Reflection on the First Amendment1362 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or the press, or the right of peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for the redress of grievances† (United States Constitution). In 1789 the anti-federalist main concern was that the Constitution’s lack of adequate guarantees for civil liberties. To provide such guarantees, the First Amendment along with the other nine Amendments knownRead MoreThe Effects Of Food On Society s Influence On Culture1591 Words   |  7 Pagescosts of lobbying so nothing will get in the way of potential earnings. This has allowed them to influence numerous key decisions and regulations made by Congress and various agencies, leading to the short list of restrictions currently in place. Once a substantial portion of the voters is educated, they could then focus their attention on spreading awareness through grassroots movements. However, an argument arises as to whether or not corporations should have the right to lobby Congress according

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Assignment Bias, Rhetorical Devices, and Argumentation Free Essays

Assignment: Bias, Rhetorical Devices, and Argumentation The speech of Kane campaigning for Governor is full of bias. The bias starts from the opening seconds of the movie clip and continued through the speech. The man in the beginning of the movie clip demonstrated a bias in favor of Kane becoming Governor. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment: Bias, Rhetorical Devices, and Argumentation or any similar topic only for you Order Now These biases are created by labeling Charles Kane as a â€Å"friend of the working man† who is an ally of the under paid and under fed. This same Kane campaigner offers up a negative bias towards the opponent Jim Gettys by labeling his time in office as an â€Å"evil domination†. These same negative biases are continued by Kane himself, calling Jim Gettys â€Å"downright dishonest†. All of these negative claims are being made without any supporting facts. The first fallacy I noticed is that Kane is claiming to be a friend of the working man and lower class. The second is the claim that Kane has already won the campaign for Governor, and the campaign has not even started yet, which is a fallacy of false conclusion. The continued attacks on Jim Gettys are an ad hominen fallacy, because the attacks are towards Gettys not the argument at hand. The next fallacy I noticed is a circular fallacy or begging the question. Kane mentions that he wants to protect the under privileged, under fed, and under paid but quickly asserts that he is too busy to make any promises. Kane’s speech for Governor also contains a couple rhetorical devices. The first one I noticed is Kane putting extra emphasis on certain words and phrases, I believe this is done to imply something. The first time this is done is when Kane said â€Å"I made not campaign promises. † There was an extra pause or elaboration on the word â€Å"promises† implying the promises of his opponent were not kept. The next rhetorical device is when Kane said that he had more than hope, implying Jim Gettys has no hope or is hopeless. This type of rhetorical device is an antithesis. The next rhetorical device is of the same type. It is when Kane says he would make promises now if he was not too busy arranging to keep them. This is the contrasting of two separate ideas into one, single, phrase. There some good and some weak arguments and counter arguments made in this movie clip by the campaign man in the beginning and by Kane himself. The argument that Jim Gettys is evil and dishonest is countered by the statements that Kane is the ally of the common man. This is a good argument because of the passionate method used to deliver the arguments, which makes up for the lack of supporting facts. A weak argument is that every poll shows that Kane will be elected. This is weak because this would be very difficult to prove before an actual election event. There is nothing to back up this claim. Another argument made was at the end of the clip, Kane promises to set up a special committee to indict Jim Gettys for his wrong doing. This argument was made following the statement that Kane cannot make any campaign promises, this invalidates his own argument. How to cite Assignment: Bias, Rhetorical Devices, and Argumentation, Papers

Saturday, May 2, 2020

Photochemical Synthesis of Benzopinacol free essay sample

In this reaction, molecules of benzophenone was brought to n((* triplet state where it possibly abstracted hydrogen from isopropyl alcohol and through subsequent reactions of radicals it formed two diphenyl ketyl radical which dimerized into benzopinacol. Subsequently, mixture of synthesized benzopinacol, glacial acetic acid and iodine crystal reacted in an acid-catalyzed rearrangement wherein dehydration of benzopinacol resulted into the formation of carbocation. In this state, an aromatic shifted and then, forming delocalized carbocation. Afterward, regenerating the catalyst stabilized the molecule into benzopinacolone. After qualitative and quantitative analysis of the products, it was found out that benzopinacol was successfully synthesized as attested by the IR spectrum which contained OH broad stretch at 3417. 86 cm-1-3460. 30 cm-1 and overtones at 1800 cm-1-1950 cm-1 region. However, inconsistency was observed in the determined melting point of 200(C-210(C which deviated from theoretical 47. 9(C perhaps due to improper use of the apparatus. Conversely, synthesis of benzopinacolone was not a success as there was no drastic change observed in its IR spectrum to that of benzopinacol and deviation on determined melting point from 175(C-177(C to 190(C-197(C which maybe due to incompletion of reaction. Low yields were also obtained after the experiment as only 18. 16 %( 0. 73g) benzopinacol and 21. 88% (0. 104g) benzopinacolone was collected. I. Introduction Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions, isomerizations and physical behavior which occurs under the influence of visible or ultraviolet light. There are two fundamental laws in regard with this principle. First, the Grotthuss-Draper law which states that light must be absorb by the compound so as to initiate photochemical reaction. Second, the Stark-Einstein’s law which states that for each photon of light absorbed by the compound, only one molecule is activated for proceeding reactions. Here, the absorption of visible or ultraviolet light excites the molecules wherein change in molecular orbital occupancy, an increase in energy, change in local distribution and change in charge distribution occurs. This excitation results in the population of higher vibrational levels where several phenomena may then take place such as the vibrational energy lost may be use to relax the molecule bringing it to zero vibrational level. Another, the excited state may return to ground state by emitting photon. The energy of this emitted light is lower to the initially absorbed light. This radiative decay is called fluorescence if it takes place rapidly from initial to excited state. And, phosphorescence if it occurs slowly by another excited state. And lastly, the molecule may cleave into radicals. For better illustration, In the Jablonski diagram, shown above, it features possible routes for excited molecule to return into its ground state. In the diagram, electronic states of molecules and transition states are shown. The states are arranged vertically by energy and are grouped horizontally by their spin multiplicity. This visually presents the mechanism in molecule excitation and relaxation. Mostly for aryl ketones like benzophenone, after excitation, it may possibly undergo hydrogen abstraction, bond cleavage or cycloaddtion. Another principle to be employed in this synthesis is the pinacol rearrangement. In this phenomenon, the molecule is dehydrolyzed in the presence of an acid and thus, formation of carbocation occurs. Then, a shift is observed by one of the atoms to the carbocation. And finally, to stabilize the molecule, catalyst is then regenerated to yield the final product. In this experiment, benzopinacol is to be synthesized through photochemical reaction from benzophenone and benzopinacolone via acid-catalyzed rearrangement of benzopinacol. II. Methodology In this experiment, benzopinacol was to be synthesized through photochemical reaction and its acid-catalyzed rearrangement product benzopinacolone. Synthesis of Benzopinacol In this synthesis, 2. 0g of benzophenone was dissolved in 50ml isopropyl alcohol in 50ml Erlenmeyer flask. In this solution, one drop of glacial acetic acid was added. It was then filled with isopropyl alcohol up to the brim. After, the flask was stoppered using a well-rolled cork. It was ensured that very little air as possible was trapped inside the flask. It was tightly bind using a parafilm. The flask was inverted and exposed to sunlight outside the laboratory. After all additional product ceased to form, the reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath to allow precipitation of benzopinacol. The final product was then filtered off from the solution using a Buchener funnel. Its melting point, yield and infrared spetrum was then obtained. The Acid-Catalyzed Rearrangement of Benzopinacol In this synthesis, in a test tube, 2. 5ml of glacial acetic acid and a small crystal of iodine were placed. In this test tube, 0. 5g of benzopinacol recently synthesized was added. The solution was then heat to dissolve benzopinacol and further heated for 5 minutes. After a stiff paste product formed, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The crystalline mass that formed was subsequently reduced to pieces. Using a little ethanol, the paste was thinned. The mixture was then centrifuged and the supernant was decanted leaving the solids in the test tube. Another two centrifugations were performed, note that, small amount of ethanol was added after each decantation. The product formed was then transferred to a filter paper by resuspending the solids in a little cold ethanol. Then, it was filtered through suction. It was subsequently crystallize by dissolving the filtered solids in a 5ml of 2:1 mixture of toluene and hexane in a pre-weighed vial. The vial was covered with aluminum foil with holes and was left in the fume hood to dry the product. Its melting, yield and infared spectrum was obtained the next meeting. III. Results and Discussion In this experiment, it is aimed to synthesized benzopinacol from benzophenone via photochemical reaction and benzopinacolone through acid-catalyzed rearrangement. In the synthesis of benzopinacol, benzophenone underwent photochemical reaction. Here, the starting material was exposed to sunlight which supplied enough energy to excite its molecules. Benzophenone upon absorbing light, undergone a rapid intersystem crossing of n((* singlet state to an energetically close (((* triplet state. Then, the latter rapidly decayed into n((* triplet state. This pathway is shown on the following diagram: Figure 1: Benzophenone Excited State In the diagram, excited benzophenone was relaxed through conversion to a triplet state and subsequently relaxed via phosphorescence. After photoexcitation of benzophenone, hydrogen abstraction reaction subsequently proceeded. Figure 2: Hydrogen Abstraction of Isopropyl Alcohol The n((* triplet state of carbonyl compounds is diradicaloid in nature hence, possibly participate in hydrogen abstraction. In Figure 2, in this mechanism, hydrogen of isopropyl alcohol was abstracted by benzophenone in a n((* triplet state to yield diphenyl ketyl and dimethyl ketyl radical. Figure 3: Radical Transfer Here, radical transfer from the dimethyl ketyl radical to benzophenone occurred in which yielded acetone and another diphenyl ketyl radical. Figure 4: Dimerization of Diphenyl Ketyl Radicals In this last mechanism, the two previously produced diphenyl ketyl radicals dimerized to form benzopinacol. Prior to the reaction mechanism, as done in the procedures, one drop of glacial acetic acid was added in the reaction mixture. It was done to remove the alkali which maybe present in the mixture that would consequently cause decomposition of the product to benzophenone and benzohydrol. After the synthesis, qualitative analysis was done to the synthesized product to verify its success. Figure 5: IR Spectrum of Synthesized Benzopinacol Examining the structure of benzopinacol, it was to be expected to have a broad –OH stretch and overtones region. In the infrared spectrum of the synthesized product as shown in Figure 5, there was a broad stretch at 3417. 86 cm-1-3460. 30 cm-1, encircled in blue, which is markedly due to hydroxyl present in the compound. And, an overtones at 1800 cm-1-1950 cm-1 as shown in the Figure5, encircled with red, is mainly due to the presence of aromatic rings. Another qualitative test done was the melting point determination of the final product. Theoretically, the melting point of benzophenone is 47. 9(C. However, the synthesized product melted at 200(C-210(C. This inconsistency maybe due to improper use of melting point apparatus since there was observed consistency with the infrared spectrum obtained. Quantitatively, the theoretical yield of the product must be 4. 02g however in the synthesis 0. 73g or only 18. 16% was synthesized. Loss of material was maybe due to long storage of the product inside the locker wherein some products spilled out the container. From the synthesized benzophenone, 0. 5g was used to synthesize benzopinacolone via acid catalyzed rearrangement. Figure 6: Benzopinacol Rearrangement In this disproportionation reaction, glacial acetic acid protonated one of the hydroxyl group, hence giving a positive charge on oxygen. Consequently, the compound was then dehydrated where water was removed and thus forming a carbocation. Then, it underwent pinacolone rearrangement wherein an aromatic migrated to the carbocation previously formed and hence, forming a more stable carbocation intermediate where charge was delocalized in a heteroatom as H+ is attached with oxygen. And since, H+ was the catalyst, it was regenerated thus stabilizing the molecule forming benzopinacolone.

Thursday, March 5, 2020

FUNCTIONALISM THEORY

FUNCTIONALISM THEORY Free Online Research Papers Functionalism originated in the United States and initially coexisted with structuralism. Although functionalist beliefs diverged, their emphasis was always the same, the utility of consciousness and behavior in adjusting to the environment. The founder of the functionalist movement is usually thought to be William James (1842-1910). In addition to James, two of the most influential members of the functionalist movement were John Dewey (1859-1952) and James R. Angell (1869-1949). The second paradigm of psychology was functionalism. As its name implies, the primary interest in this approach is in the function of mental processes, including consciousness. While not the creation of any single scholar, William James was clearly its most famous advocate. The functionalists tended to use the term function rather loosely. The term is used in at least two different ways. It can refer to the study of how a mental process operates. Functionalism never really died, it became part of the mainstream of psychology. James was the first American psychologist, he wrote the first general text book on psychology, and he remains one of the most well-liked and famous of all psychologists. While functionalism did not have a specific founder or leader, James is identified as its early spokesperson. The main contribution the functionalists made to learning theory is that they studied the relationship of consciousness to the environment rather than studying it as an isolated phenomenon. They opposed the introspective technique of the structuralists because it was elementistic, not because it studied consciousness. The functionalists were not opposed to studying mental processes but insisted that they should always be studied in relationship to survival. Unlike the structuralists, the functionalists were very interested in applied psychology. Most functionalists believed that one of their major goals should be to furnish information that could be used to improve the human condition. American functionalist psychology constituted an effort to model scientific psychology on the successes of English evolutionary theory. In part it was a response to the stagnation of Wundts psychological research program, which had been grounded in German experimental physiology. In part it was an attempt to make psychology more appealing within the highly pragmatic American context and to facilitate the application of psychology to domains outside of the scientific laboratory. There are applications of psychology that emerged from the functionalist ethos included child and developmental psychology, clinical psychology, psychological testing, and industrial/vocational psychology. Punctionalism was also the ground within which behaviorism rooted and grew into the dominant form of psychology through the middle of the 20th century. As mentioned above, two of the most influential members of the functionalist movement were John Dewey (1859-1952) and James R. Angell (1869-1949). James Roland Angell was born in Burlington, Vermont. He came from an academic family, his grandfather serving as president of Brown University and his father serving as president of the University of Vermont and later the University of Michigan. As an undergraduate, Angell studied under John Dewey (1859-1952) at University of Michigan. He then worked for a year with William James (1842-1910) at Harvard, earning his MA in 1892. Two years later, he accepted an offer from Dewey to be a professor of psychology at the University of Chicago. He remained at Chicago for 25 years, where, during his tenure, the department became the primary training ground for functionalist psychologists. Two of Angells famous students include Harvey Carr (1873-1954) and John B. Watson (1878-1958). From 1921 through 1937, Angell served as president of Yale Universi ty, helping to establish its Institute of Human Relations. Angell is said to have transformed functionalism from a movement into a working school, despite his protestations that the movement was too broad to be embodied within any single framework. In 1904, he wrote a highly successful book called Psychology: an Introductory Study of Structure and Functions of Human Consciousness. Within four years, it went through four editions, evidence of the growing popularity of functionalism.. His most important contribution to functionalist psychology was his 1906 presidential address to American Psychological Association entitled The Province of Functional Psychology. In this speech, he made three major points, drawing the battle lines between functionalism and structuralism. First, functionalism studies mental operations, not mental elements. Second, functionalism views consciousness in terms of its utility, mediating between an organisms needs and the pressures of its environment. And third, functionalism regards mind and body as an inseparable un it. In conclusion although there are three main people who contributed to the Functionalism theory, there are also others that play into this category as well. Functionalism is one of the major proposals that have been offered as solutions to the mind/body problem. Solutions to the mind/body problem usually try to answer questions such as: What is the ultimate nature of the mental? At the most general level, what makes a mental state mental? Or more specifically, what do thoughts have in common in virtue of which they are thoughts? References Olson M. H. Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An introduction to theories of learning. (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Darwinian Theory, Functionalism, and the First American Psychological Revolution Green, Christopher D American Psychologist, Feb/Mar2009, Vol. 64 Issue 2, p75-83, 9p, 2 bw; DOI: 10.1037/a0013338; (AN 36872963) Research Papers on FUNCTIONALISM THEORYThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseQuebec and CanadaStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesOpen Architechture a white paperGenetic EngineeringResearch Process Part OneAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Tuesday, February 18, 2020

Theater Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theater - Research Paper Example According to Stanton and Banham (1996), the first recorded theater of this type was a performance held in Egypt in 2500 BC enacting one of the sacred plays of the myth of Osiris and Isis. In the west, though, the beginning of theater is generally recognized as having its start in Ancient Greece, resurging going into the Renaissance and changes coming into the modern age. Greek theater history starts with Thespis, apparently a playwright whose name is recorded in history as the first winner of the play competition in honor of Dionysus in 534 BC (Wicker, 2004). It is from Greek theater that we get most of our current conventions, language and definition. In Greek theater, the play was generally narrated by a chorus who would let the audience know what they were supposed to be seeing and the background information of the story being told. Sometimes they took part in the action as they interacted with the principle characters. Under Greek influence, the theater developed into two major camps – the comedies and the tragedies. Major playwrights in the ancient period were Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes and Menander (Wicker, 2004). These men did much to develop theater into a fully-told story complete with actors, histories and a somewhat scientific approach to the development of story. As the Greek society began to fade, the rising Ro mans adopted their entertainment and brought it into further development. Some of the famous playwrights of this period included Terence and Plautus (Wicker, 2004). Like the Greeks, the Romans generally performed their plays in large amphitheaters where the audience would sit on graduated rows of horseshoe-shaped terraces while the actors would perform on a stage set at the base of these rows in the center of the pinched horseshoe opening. Unlike the Greeks, the Romans reduced the importance of their plays to

Monday, February 3, 2020

Conflict and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conflict and Change - Essay Example   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the themes that the author uses is controlling the mind. He says the government changes news and books contents. It does this to change the history that blackmails it as bad. The government monitors its citizens in all their daily activities. It banned the citizens from indulging in any forms of rebellious thinking, speaking, or activities. What results is a society of stooges and zombies who have no rights over themselves (Orwell & Fromm 2010). People are forced to control and suppress their sexual desires. The government makes children spies to seek for those who violate the orders. The act is unethical as the children will grow with conflicting thoughts and feelings to their families. The society marks the children as betrayers (Orwell & Fromm 2010). The author further develops his work with the theme of oppression. The government uses unethical and immoral tactics to quell the activities of Winston Smith the Protagonist. It takes his girlfriend away and forces him to give her up. Winston finally gives up and joins the government. It also forces its citizens to engage in strenuous jobs in the morning. They had to love what it was doing for them to be free (Orwell & Fromm 2010). Forcing anyone to love and adopt indecent activities is inhumane. The author uses the novel and its themes to show and warn the consequences of a totalitarianism government. The society and people become ethically and morally

Sunday, January 26, 2020

Imagined community

Imagined community According to Benedict Anderson, what is an ‘Imagined Community? How does this relate to the contemporary world? â€Å"I am of the opinion that my life belongs to the community, and as long as I live it is my privilege to do for it whatever I can† George Bernard Shaw (Wisdom Quotes, 2009). Such views demonstrate that communities are an integral part of day-to-day life within the contemporary world, be this in a tiny, remote village in rural India or the thriving capital city of Beijing, China. This essay examines communities within the international sphere, focusing primarily on Benedict Andersons theory of ‘Imagined Communities. The first section of this essay examines Anderson as an academic scholar and his views towards nationalism, including of course a detailed understanding of his theory of ‘Imagined Communities. The second section then goes on to explore other political theorists take on Andersons work, focusing on three such theorists: Ernest Gellner, Anthony D. Smith and Eric Hobsbawm. This theory and reasoning behind Andersons and these three other theorists work, is then used as the foundation on which to build when looking at the contemporary world, focusing on the case study of Great Britain and how this study is of relevance to contemporary political issues. Communities within Britain are examined in terms of the imagination Anderson refers to, namely the Ukrainian community and also the Sikh community, both within multicultural British society. Andersons background is that of anthropology and when assessed, it is clear that he falls within the Modernist school of thought, arguing that nations are simply a product of modernity, in existence to cater to political, economic and military needs. Andersons theory of ‘Imagined Communities has been widely spread and applied to the field of international relations and political science, a theory which has been influential in carefully examining the politics of identity and the formation of communities across the globe, also known as nationalism. Anderson explores the modern nation in terms of its development throughout history, aiming to understand the emergence of these nations and how they have remained as nations in terms of status (Higson, 1998, p.355). Nationalism took form and began as an ideology during the eighteenth century, and more recently has undergone a global movement across the varying borders and boundaries of nations. It has three generic goals: â€Å"natio nal autonomy, national unity and national identity, and for nationalists, a nation cannot survive without a sufficient degree of all three† (Smith, 2001, p.9). National identity in particular is fundamental to the order of the contemporary international sphere. According to Anderson (1991) therefore, the building and construction of nation states is an imitative action in that it follows similar patterns and trends as used by fellow nation states. Nationalism, in Andersons (1991) eyes is thus an instrument and product of such social constructions and all of this was in actual fact an American construction. Additionally, he contends that nation building is consistent of and on a par with fictional narratives, a point which agrees which Smith (2001), discussed later on in this essay. With such a clear focus on nationalism, Anderson (1991) studies the idea of membership of a community, the idea of membership as boundaries defining ‘us and ‘them, and the idea of the community as an equal comradeship, thus collectively leading to the creation of an identity. Under the umbrella of nationalist thought therefore, Anderson is largely interested in the formation and preservation of political identities. His key argument is as follows: communities are in fact imagined ones as, in truth, individuals residing in one particular place i.e. Britain, will never know, see, meet, converse or have any sort of relationship with all other residents, yet this ideological concept of a ‘British community still exists. Anderson thus is focusing on nationalism, in particular nations and their identity building processes, a nation being â€Å"an imagined political communityimagined as both inherently limited and sovereign† (Anderson, 1991, p.7). In his argument, the a nation is imagined as limited in that, even the one holding the greatest number of human beings, each community has finite boundaries, beyond which are other nations (Anderson, 1991, p.7). The nation is imagined as sovereign as the concept emerged during a time in which â€Å"Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained hierarchical dynastic realm† (Anderson, 1991, p.7). Finally, the nation is imagined as a community as despite inequality and exploitative behaviour that may occur, the nation remains a â€Å"deep, horizontal comradeship† (Anderson, 1991, p.7). Such ‘imagined communities are in actual fact socially constructed entities, consisting of individuals who have similar, if not identical, interests, these interests forming the basis for their grouping choices and decisions, and allowing the individuals to identify with one another. Andersons theory therefore comes from the location of individuals within specific ordered communities, as members of bounded communities whose members have common traits and concerns. His idea of this type of a community existing emerges from how the general public, according to him, identifies and understands themselves with respect to the community of their nation. As a result, all individuals have a horizontal relationship with all other members of their supposed ‘imagined community and this creates identity. Such identity provides safety and security to members of the imagined community, providing a sense of belonging to a group of people who are on the same wavelength and have similar i nterests and motivations (Anderson, 1991). This is of course, opposed to the previous identification which was wholly concerned with pre-existing religious systems and dynasties, which have now collapsed. Anderson (1991) then goes on to examine the fall in access to privileged scripts and discourse such as Latin, the movement to eradicate ideas and commands of the monarchy and divine rules of power and finally the emergence of print capitalism in terms of the media and how this is related to the concept of nations. The final point here is of greatest relevance to this essays discussion. From first thought, it is common to think that no real relationship exists between media and communities, yet on closer inspection, it becomes clear that this is not the case. Anderson (1991) argues that the media is the key group creating these ‘imagined communities through their mass audience targeting procedures. The media often makes generalisations to the ‘public and when thought about, is most definitely an ‘imagined community in itself. Anderson (1991) therefore argues that national media and education systems have a critical role in ensuring a nation imagines itself as  "a coherent, meaningful and homogenous community† (Higson, 1998, p.355). His primary concentration however lies with newspapers, which he argues are a fundamental part of print-capitalism, this being the key commodity in the generation of new ideas and concepts (Anderson, 1991, p.37). Print-capitalism contributed greatly to the imagined communities that exist within nations and will continue to do so in the future. He argues that newspapers allow shared experiences of resenting authority to take form, this not being beneficial as this gives rise to the marketplace, where print-capitalism is produced and invoked within consumer society in terms of profitability. Print-capitalism is, in Andersons opinion a commodity which is vital to current and forthcoming generations of completely new ideas and concepts (Anderson, 1991, p.37). His argument focuses primarily on the impact of the Reformation, this being: â€Å"the coalition between Protestantism and print-capitalism, exploiting cheap popular editions, quickly created large new reading publicsand simultaneously mobilized them for politico-religious purposes† (Anderson, 1991, p.40). He posits that much of the success of the Reformation is as a result due to print-capitalism itself (Anderson, 1991, p.39). Thus in Andersons critique with regards to the promise of the media in the public sphere and whether or not they invoke public debate, his answer is yes i.e. it was a vehicle for the American war of independence. The key example however given in his work is that relating to the Protestant and print-capitalism coalition, which he argues, was detrimental through the exploitation of cheap popular print-works (Anderson, 1991, p.40). Such â€Å"administrative vernaculars† (Anderson, 1991, p.41) led to religious and printing upheaval during the sixteenth century, and is regarded by himself as an â€Å"independent factor in the erosion of the sacred imagined community† (Anderson, 1991, p.41). In terms of ‘imagined communities and its relationship with the media, film and cinema are good areas to explore. Film is often indicative of â€Å"consensual images of communities† (Higson, 1998, p.355) and is keen to show individuals from varying backgrounds coming together in shared interests. The British musical Sing As We Go (1934) (cited in Higson, 1998, p.355) for example deals with this same image as explained above and ends with the ‘imagined community being explicitly â€Å"nationalized† (Higson, 1995, cited in Higson, 1998, p.356) in the final scene. It is important to distinguish though that not all of the ‘imagined communities Anderson refers to are united. Particularly within the contemporary multicultural location that is Great Britain, nations can be presented and represented as being in disarray (Higson, 1998, p.356). Higson (1998) refers to the British film named The Beautiful Laundrette and how this is demonstrative of such a thing, providing images of â€Å"social and cultural disturbance and fragmentation† (Higson, 1998, p.356) as opposed to images of consensual imagined communities. This is therefore raises questions of what it is like to be British and to hold such an identity. Films like this consequently oppose what Anderson claims to be the truth, displaying that national identity in contexts like this one are not â€Å"as consensual but as hybrid, not as pure but as variegated† (Higson, 1998, p.356) and so this challenges Andersons point. This theory of ‘imagined communities has often led to various branches of thought, one of the key ones with relation to this topic being that of ‘imagined geographies, a concept which has emerged from Edward Saids work on ‘Orientalism a theoretical framework which argues that Europeans define themselves against their cultural contestants i.e. people from the Orient and as a result define themselves against this. Back to ‘Imagined geographies though, this is a form of social constructivism, referring to the perception of space and boundaries within texts, illustrations and of course, discourse. Arguably, there is no real geography and that imagined geographies can be compared with, thus posing problems of comparative analysis. So the argument lies that such imagined geographies must not be taken as given, but rather they should be deconstructed in order to display the various power sources which have been embedded in them. Ultimately, although Anderson is sceptical of the general public in their decision to be part of ‘imagined communities, he acknowledges that in the current day and age, nationalism and the idea of community has taken to other extremes i.e. projecting fear and hatred towards the ‘Other, being deeply affiliated with racist and discriminative behaviour (Anderson, 1991, p.141.) He critiques this though by reinforcing how such communities are supposed to bring individuals together as opposed to dividing them further, and thus communities need to be reminded that â€Å"nations inspire love, and often profoundly self-sacrificing love† (Anderson, 1991, p.141). Other theorists however conflict with what Anderson (1991) poses as the function of nation building, namely Ernest Gellner, Anthony D. Smith and Eric Hobsbawm. Their proposals of national identity vary with respect to one another. Firstly, anthropologist and philosopher Gellner (1983) argues that nationalism is ultimately political in that it acts as the foundation for politics and nations as being on an equal footing. In his critique, nationalism only emerged within the modern sphere very recently, becoming a necessity in sociological terms, and thus has not been embedded within history. Smith (2001) was a student of Gellner yet did not completely agree with the argument made by his teacher. His argument therefore depends on his creation of an approach to nationalism termed ‘ethnosymbolism, this being a combination of traditional as well as modern views toward the theory and practice of national identities (Smith, 2001, p.13). Smith (2001) distinguishes between the concept of the term ‘nation and another word he terms ‘ethnie, this being: â€Å"a named human community connected to a homeland, possessing common myths of ancestry, shared memories, one or more elements of shared culture, and a measure of solidarity at least among the elites† (Smith, 2001, p.13). Thus in his critique, the imagined communities Anderson speaks of do have a cultural and historical background to them, and so they arent completely imagined but have some substance behind them. Smith (2001) on the other hand, studies nationalism in terms of ethnic groupings. To him, the concept of the nation is: â€Å"a named human community occupying a homeland, and having common myths and a shared history, a common culture, and a measure of solidarity at least among the elites† (Smith, 2001, p.13). Within this though he narrows down further his understanding of nations, consisting of what he terms â€Å"ethnie† (Smith, 2001, p.13): â€Å"a named human community connected to a homeland, possessing common myths of ancestry, shared memories, one or more elements of shared culture, and a measure of solidarity at least among the elites†(Smith, 2001, p.13). Hobsbawm (1992) too examines nationalism, a concept which he refers to as the same as defined by Gellner: â€Å"primarily a principle which holds that the political and national unit should be congruent† (Gellner, 1983, p.1, cited in Hobsbawm, 1992, p.9). He contends that imagined communities act as a shield for and to religious-based nation states, which in turn allows individuals from a vast array of backgrounds to come together through the notion of compromise (Hobsbawm, 1992, p.14). One of his key arguments is that nations are: â€Å"dual phenomena† (Hobsbawm, 1992, p.10), by which he means that they are socially constructed from both above and below, with regards to the â€Å"assumptions, hopes, needs, longings and interests of ordinary people† (Hobsbawm, 1992, p.10). Thus he reinforces the central and underlying importance of nationalism throughout history in relation to political evolution. With respect to this, we identify that no real national conscienc e is forged within his text, and later on he makes clear the number of incited mass movements of nations i.e. he refers to the liberalisation of countries like Italy. National identity has a huge role to play within countries across the globe. In particular, it is focused on and can be identified during sporting games i.e. football or cricket, avid fans supporting their nation to be successful and triumphant. National identity can however also be associated with negativity and can create tensions, as demonstrated politically within international relations more generally. This section focuses on Britain as its key contemporary example but compares and contrasts the experiences within Britain with those of other countries too. Britain, quite clearly, consists of a multicultural society, one which is made up of a variety of community groupings. Community-World (2009) provides examples of many of the community groupings that are existent in modern day Britain, i.e.: regional, ethnic, religious, charity/voluntary and finally miscellaneous ones which include vegetarianism and so on. In many cases, such communities are reflective of Andersons thought of ‘imagined communities. An example of this can be seen with respect to the South-Asian community in Britain, formed of Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Sri Lankans and many more, yet all come together under the umbrella term of South-Asian community even though it is most definitely likely that not all of these community members know each other nor have they seen each other nor, in reality, will they ever really do so. Such a community, although to be congratulated in bringing people of similar backgrounds together, is in actual fact a socially construct ed entity according to Anderson. In my critique of this however, such groupings are embedded in human nature in that terms like this have not been created as a product of society and societal views but rather because of religious, cultural and historical backgrounds. Thus they are not socially constructed. Andersons concentration of the media too is useful here when looking at Britain in that, in the contemporary world, his point that the print media, namely newspapers, is largely to blame for the creation of communities is only somewhat true. This is due to the rise of other media forms, particularly the internet, which has led to newspaper sales and general success of them falling over recent years. Greenslade (2009) in review of 2009 and the past decade identifies the spectacular decline of this once thriving industry: the Daily Mail recorded a fall from 2,777,501 to 1,260,019, a decline of 55%, whilst the Daily Express experienced sale plunges of 33.7%, the Daily Telegraph losses of nearly 27% and the Guardian a fall of just over 23%. Although newspapers are now widely available online, combining the previous paper form with the recent phenomenon of the internet, this does contradict with Andersons core argument. As sales of print newspapers have fallen, this suggests that readers hip too has declined and thus communities are less likely today to identify with communities within such media. Fisk (2010) makes an interesting point though in his work, arguing that many human communities within Great Britain have been abandoned since the Middle-Ages and so he works to commemorate such communities and identify their reasons for abandonment. Contrastingly, Hall (2004) examines the process of immigrants becoming citizens, with a particular focus on the Sikh community within Britain, namely second-generation ones. Her argument is that cultural politics have a huge role to play and in terms of the formation of nations, yet many more cultural processes are also at work: the role the media has in circulating religious, national and ethnic illustrations and political imaginaries; youth movement between cultural worlds in the home, at school and professionally; the frequently contradictory nature of the schooling system; and the cultural matters which flow across transnational and diaspora networks and communities (Hall, 2004, p.118). Thus Hall (2004) is suggesting that although this Sikh community may live and reside in Britain, this does not instantaneously make them a fundamental part of the imagined ‘British community, but rather due to their heritage and ancestral roots, many British Sikhs often find themselves to b e torn between identifying with Britain and identifying with their parents country of origin. Hence individuals can be part of a series of imagined communities as opposed to simply one as posed by Anderson (1991). Hall (2004) does however agree with Anderson (1991) to the extent that the media is incredibly influential in the contagion of national and cultural identities across various borders and boundaries. Similarly, Smith and Jackson (1999) studied ‘imagined communities with respect to Ukrainian communities living in Bradford, UK. Their argument was one of this sense of community, being shaped by Ukrainian history and the ever-changing global political climate (Smith and Jackson, 1999, p.367). For many Ukrainians living in Bradford, Ukraines independence in 1991 was symbolic of de-stabling an unsettled, often imaginary, sense of â€Å"Ukrainianness† (Smith and Jackson, 1999, p.384). Furthermore, they propose that recent cultural and historical change has led to an over-complication of the way in which the Ukrainian community within Bradford, UK is imagined and thus poses problems in terms of narratives and discourse. In my critique, although cultural influences are considered by all of the previously discussed political theorists, economics in terms of social status and inequality is not considered. It is no surprise that the creation and preservation of ‘imagined communities as discussed by Anderson (1991) leads to â€Å"fractionalization† (Alesina et al, 2003, p.155). My argument contends that such fractionalization is the cause of the observed rise in cross-country inequalities, Britain included, and Anderson (1991) fails to account for this. A broad view of heterogeneity demonstrates that anything that generates groups, as Andersons theory does, has both political and economic consequences, ultimately leading to greater inequality. In Britain for example, we can see that Central London, in most cases, is a highly affluent area. The outskirts of Greater London though vary in affluence such that groups are formed and located according to these same groups. Research has proved such theses to be correct i.e. Alesina et al (2003) examined approximately one hundred and ninety countries, concluding that â€Å"ethnic, religious and linguistic fractionalization† (Alesina et al, 2003, p.155) increases corruption, infant mortality and illiteracy, and reduces democracy and political rights indexes. Thus this supports my point of critique, that although ‘imagined communities bring people together from similar backgrounds and who have shared interests, the creation of such groupings leads to divisions and ultimately, in many cases, such divisions are indicative of social status, welfare and affluence. Hence Anderson (1991), along with Gellner (1983), Smith (2001) and Hobsbawm (1992), did not investigate this. Theorists in future should therefore research this area, building on the work mentioned above. In an age where it is extremely common for â€Å"progressive, cosmopolitan intellectuals to sit on the near-pathological character of nationalism, its roots in fear and hatred of the Other, and its affinities with racism† (Anderson, 1991, p.141), it is crucial to remember at all times that â€Å"nations transpire love, and often profoundly self-sacrificing love† (Anderson, 1991, p.141). Hence whether communities within these nations are imagined or not, which Anderson (1991) would say they are, they act as the fundamental foundation for society to communicate, evolve, exchange information and knowledge and ultimately to progress. Thus communities are incredibly important in multicultural Britain but also on a transnational scale too. To conclude, Andersons work on ‘Imagined Communities is one which has been used largely within the realm of political science and international studies. It does provide the reasoning as to why people commune together in the majority of instances yet at the same time, is rather broad in its explanation and thus has limited generalisation and applicability to the modern world that is the twenty-first century. The theory of ‘Imagined Communities is rather useful though in terms of understanding community and group formation with regards to historical, religious and cultural contexts across the world. This essay has examined what Anderson terms to be an ‘Imagined Community and how this has been used within the Social Sciences, in particular International Relations and Political Science. It has then later gone on to look at Britain as a contemporary example of how a series of ‘Imagined Communities have been formed i.e. the Sikh community and the Ukrainian communit y. Thus it is important to recall that nationalism is not simply a â€Å"sociological or cultural phenomena: it is also a powerful political instrument which†¦has played an important part in both the creation and the reform of modern states throughout the world† (Jackson, 2003, p.610). Bibliography Alesina, A.et al (2003) â€Å"Fractionalization† in Journal of Economic Growth, Vol.8, No.2, pp.155-194. Anderson, B.R. (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Revised ed.), London: Verso. Community-World (2009) Community-World UK [online] Available from: http://www.community-world.co.uk/ (2001) in Durham, M.G. and Kellner, D.M. (eds.) Media and Cultural Studies: Keyworks, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Fisk, A. (2010) Abandoned Communities [online] Available from: http://www.abandonedcommunities.co.uk/ [Accessed 14th March 2010] Gellner, E. (1983) Nations and Nationalism, Oxford: Blackwell. Greenslade, R. (2009) Newspaper sales plunge over the decade [online] Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/dec/14/national-newspapers-sales-decade [Accessed 14th March 2010] Habermas, J. (1989) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge: Polity. Hall, K.D. (2004) â€Å"The Ethnography of Imagined Communities: The Cultural Production of Sikh Ethnicity in Britain† in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 595, pp.108-121 Higson, A. (1998) â€Å"Nationality: National Identity and the Media† in Briggs, A. and Cobley, P. (eds.) The Media: An Introduction, Harlow: Longman, pp. 354-364 Hobsbawm, E.J. (1992) Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Inglis, F. (1993) Cultural Studies, Oxford: Blackwell. Jackson, J. (2003) â€Å"Book Review Nationalism and the state: John Brueilly, 2nd edition (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), pp. 474,  £40.00 H.B.,  £14.99 P.B.† in History of European Ideas, Vol.21, No.4, pp.608-610. Smith, A.D. (2001) Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History, Cambridge: Polity. Smith, G. and Jackson, P. (1999) â€Å"Narrating the nation: the ‘imagined community of Ukrainians in Bradford† in Journal of Historical Geography, Vol.25, No.3, pp.367-387 Wisdom Quotes (2009) Community Quotes [online] Available from: http://www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_community.html

Saturday, January 18, 2020

The Rising of the Characters in Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises

Ernest Hemingway’s novel entitled â€Å"The Sun also Rises† is a story of different men from different backgrounds. The main character or protagonist in the story is Jake Barnes. Along with him in his journey were Robert Cohn whom to be his closest friend, Lady Brett Ashley whom to be the love of his life, Mike Campbell whom to be Brett’s fiancà ©, and Bill Gorton whom to be the other friend of the group. The story started in a biographical description of Jake on his friend Robert Cohn. He called him Cohn while he narrates his story, their story.Jake is a World War I veteran whom soon becomes a journalist while Cohn is a rich Jewish writer. Cohn asked Jake to go with him to the South America but Jake refuses to go with him. When they went to a disco club, they saw Brett. Jake reminisce the memory when he and Brett met during the World War I. It was actually a great time for them to have their relationship but Brett refuses to make up with him because she learned that because of Jake’s wound, he is already impotents and she could did not want to sacrifice her sexual urge just for Jake.Soon, Brett and Mike met that made Brett fall in love with him. Brett became Mike’s fiancà © and would like to go to Spain to spend their moment together and watch the fiesta. They met Jake, Cohn, and Bill during their trip. During the journey, they could not able to find each other so they went to Spain in pairs – Jake and Bill as a pair, while Mike, Brett, and Cohn as the other pair. They had a great time during the first night but it’s been Brett who has the greatest night because she had the opportunity to know Pedro Romero, a handsome but young bullfighter.Brett decided to go with Romero but soon went back to Mike and said that she does not want to ruin Romero’s life and career. The story ends when Brett asked Jake to accompany her to Mike. Brett realizes that Jake is a good companion during their journey together. Jake and Cohn have many similarities and differences throughout the whole novel. Even if they have different backgrounds, they are similar in the way on how they treat a woman and how they think about the larger perspective of human life.Because in the beginning of the novel, Jake illustrated the biography of Cohn, he had stated all his strengths and weaknesses that made the readers understood the personality of Cohn in the beginning of the novel while Jake’s character emerged and evolved into a larger scale as the novel went through. Jake described Cohn depending on how he perceived Cohn’s identity whether on his career, personal life, or love life. â€Å"He was more enthusiastic about America than ever, and he was not so simple, and he was not so nice,† (Hemingway 16).Even if Cohn was not a war veteran, both of them have simple dreams and per4spectives in life. It was seen on their journey in Spain and the way they treated women especially Brett. Even if Cohn did not acknowledge his feelings right through Jake’s naked emotions, he knew that he likes Brett, next to Francesca. Because they both like Brett, they wanted Brett to be happy even if the cause is strange to both of them. However, Jake is more prank than Cohn. Cohn does not show his feelings so much while Jake is open to his feelings or emotions in different people.The difference between Cohn and Jake aside from the fact that Jake went to the war while Cohn did not is that Jake is more open to reality while Cohn was not that broad when it comes to the real situations. Another thing is that Jake is a journalist while Cohn is a writer. It means that Jake is more on the actual or real revelation of the reality while Cohn is more on the fictional sense of the world. â€Å"The publisher has praised his novel pretty highly and it rather went to his head.Then several women had put themselves out to be nice to him, and his horizons had all shifted,† (16). Cohn lived in a fiction al life with all the praises and acknowledgement of the people behind him while Jake lived in a realm where there is battle, fear, hatred, and sufferings that he needs to overcome while he is living. Their differences evolved into a wider scenario as the novel went on. However, in the beginning of the novel showed their big differences as Jake did not want to go where Cohn wants and vice versa.Cohn wants more on the historical side while Jake wants on the cultural side of the country they want to go. â€Å"So there you were. I was sorry for him, but it was not a thing you could do anything about because right away you ran up against the two stubbornness: South America could fix it and he did not like Paris,† (20). However, the thing is that Jake is more convicted with what he says rather than Cohn. When Jake wants something, he pursued it even if there are things that might be interrupted. Nevertheless, he worked on it to avoid circumstances that Cohn could not obtain.This is what Jake learned in the war that Cohn did not learned while having his rich life and popularity as a writer. As a whole, both Jake and Cohn showed their contrasting and similar personalities throughout the whole novel. All the other characters helped them obtain their characterization and realization in the beginning and end of the story that mould them to become significant protagonists in the novel. The author showed balance information on how to perceive the characters in different angles and concepts that would not overlap Jake and Cohn’s establishment of characterization.

Friday, January 10, 2020

“On Dumpster Diving” by Lars Eighner Essay

Introduction â€Å"On Dumpster Diving†-by Lars Eighner, is a story of a man discussing his life being homeless and how he came to acquire his livelihood by scavenging through dumpsters, or in the author’s words; Dumpster Diving. The story begins with Eighner telling us, the readers about how he was always fascinated with the word dumpster before being homeless and also while being homeless; how he forged food, beverages, and other miscellaneous items in public dumpsters. Lars Eighner tells us nothing of how he became homeless, but he tells the life of him and his wife (Lizbeth) as Dumpster Divers. In this passage Eighner discusses the topics of shame, and pride. I will write about both of these themes in two separate paragraphs, while showing both are relevant to us as college students. â€Å"Dumpster Diving† talks about many college students and how wasteful they can be; especially when it is unnecessary. Lars Eighner said, â€Å"Students throw food away around breaks becau se they do not know whether it has spoiled or will spoil before they return†. Eighner also says, â€Å"Some students, and others, approach defrosting a freezer by chucking out the whole lot†. (Page 22) The story of this man’s life is and should be humbling, also simultaneously a life lesson for us all to follow as an example of how to be frugal and appreciate all that we possess. Pride The theme of pride was the first topic Eighner discussed when referring to a dumpster diver. â€Å"At first the new scavenger is filled with disgust and self-loathing. He is ashamed of being seen and may lurk around†. Eighner- (Page 23) The scavenger or dumpster diver is showing that he or she has pride, although in need they are conscious of what society might think of them. Eighner also speaks of pride in a different sense as well. He shows us that by the refuse of others, the items being discarded is also pride in the ones that have more than enough. To the readers Eighner shows us their apathy for what they have and how they take it for granted; as if these things will always be available. Pride is a terrible thing to have at times. Society looks at those who ask for assistance or a helping hand as weak; but it takes a strong individual to set pride to the curve and ask for help.  Just as the dumpster diver scavenging through the trash; although it seems disgusting, when in need one must do what one has to. Shame The next theme which was discussed was shame; but in a more subliminal way. Eighner- â€Å"I live from the refuse of others. I am a scavenger. I think it a sound and honorable niche†. (Page 20) Eighner always made the term dumpster diver seem elegant. This word for many would imply filthiness, and impoverished. Eighner subtly edifies the word to hide the shame that was felt from the memories of being homeless and eating out of the trash; one would naturally do the same as Eighner. Shame is something that is felt by all at different points in our lives just as the â€Å"divers† felt. Eighner tells us that â€Å"While Lizbeth and I lived in a shack we began to eat from the dumpsters†. (Page 20) Eighner felt shame and embarrassment from the things he and Lizbeth were doing. While reading about this particular time in Eighner’s life, there is no way that anyone could not be humbled by his words. This way of living is well below modest; it is almost unreal the way he lived. It is impossible to fathom how this can be; and that is what Eighner wants us to realize. Eighner wants us as the readers to not see the trouble of people’s shame but the struggle from the shame, because we should appreciate where we are now, no matter how difficult life is or may seem; because it could always be worse. Pride and Shame As we take a look at both themes Eighner shows how they both coincide in reference to the dumpster diver. In the life of a dumpster diver Eighner explains how he felt pride and a sense of being in a better state of living as opposed to those more fortunate; and he explains how he felt shame as he was reduced to this decadence. In one particular memory Eighner says, â€Å"Every bit of glass may be a diamond, they think, and all that glisters, gold†. (Page 24)Now in this sense Eighner talks about how particular dumpster divers take everything they see of some value and they go over board; but nonetheless they take pride in the things that others call trash. Eighner himself speaks of how he took pride in his vast findings. â€Å"I am grateful, however, for the number of good books and magazines the students throw out†. (Page 26)Although Eighner talks about pride he shows us the shame that lies  in dumpster diving and how they are closely related. Eighner- â€Å"Dumpster diving is outdoor work, often surprisingly pleasant†. (Page 27) â€Å"I have no better place for her than a dumpster. And after all, it is fitting, since for most of her life her livelihood has come from the dumpster†. (Page 26) Now even though Eighner finds joy in his life, he also finds discomfort and embarrassment. Pride and Shame coincide and simultaneously differ; and the two emotions left Eighner ambivalent about him and Lizbeth’s future. Conclusion After reading â€Å"On Dumpster Diving† I am inclined to agree with Eighner, â€Å"Take what you can use and let the rest go†. (Page 27) In life if we use or take more than we truly need, we never learn the value of things nor do we learn to appreciate them. I believe this because I have been given so much in life and used so little, whether it was food, money or time. I believe that us as Americans waste so much that we have forgotten the value of truly living and remembering others less fortunate; I know I have. While reading this passage it has changed my outlook on life and how much I consume and will consume in the future. I believe I will use less and appreciate what I do have, while encouraging others to do the same. Also while reading I felt remorse and sympathy for those less fortunate like Eighner. In conclusion this story is very touching and uplifting. Eighner shows us that no matter what life may throw our way we can survive and beat the odds, no matter how much they are against us.